Where did the baby name Riyadh come from in 1991?

In 1991, the names Dhahran and Riyadh both popped up in the U.S. baby name data for the first time:

	Boys named Riyadh	Boys named Dhahran
1993	5	.
1992	.	.
1991	13*	9*
1990	.	.
1989	.	.

Riyadh has re-appeared in the data several times since, whereas Dhahran remains a one-hit wonder.

Where did they come from?

Well, literally speaking, Saudi Arabia. Both are the names of important Saudi Arabian cities. Riyadh is the country’s capital, and Dhahran is where the oil company Saudi Aramco is based.

But what turned them into baby names in the United States in the early 1990s specifically?

The news. Both cities were mentioned repeatedly in the American news during the Gulf War (Aug. 1990 to Feb. 1991) — particularly during the first two months of 1991, when Iraq was launching Scud missiles at Saudi Arabia and Israel. On February 25, for instance, a Scud missile fired at a U.S. Army barracks in Dhahran killed 28 U.S. soldiers (all reservists from Pennsylvania) and injured more than 100 others.

So, what do the place-names Dhahran and Riyadh mean?

The name Riyadh, in use since at least the 17th century, was derived from the Arabic word for “gardens” or “meadows” because the location is “a fertile spot just north of the confluence of the wadis Hanifa and Batha.”

The settlement of Dhahran, on the other hand, is much newer. It was constructed in the late 1930s “on who barren hills in the area” known in Arabic as dhahran (“two backs”).

Sources:

• Gulf War – Wikipedia
• Hobday, Peter. Saudi Arabia Today: An Introduction to the Richest Oil Power. London: Macmillan Press, 1978.
• Hogg, Gordon E. “Dhahran.” The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars, edited by Spencer E. Tucker, Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2010, 378-379.
• Information Paper: Iraq’s Scud Ballistic Missiles
• Iraqi Missile Slams Into GIs’ Barracks – Los Angeles Times